The relationship between the so-called “Fourth Industrial Revolutionµ and employment has been the object of the Second International ASTRIL Conference. This relationship can be observed through the deep transformation of the structure of production processes of both goods and services. Its consequences mainly affect, from a macroeconomic perspective, the employment level and income distribution, and, from a microeconomic perspective, the evolution of jobs, skills, and tasks, working conditions, and workers’ rights. Labour market institutions have to cope with the problems triggered by such deep changes.